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'Hogback tombstone', Viking, Gosforth, Cumbria, England, 10th century
Photo by Terry Staniforth
Interestingly, a 10th century hogback tombstone in Gosforth, Cumbria, carries a relief of a shield-wall where the shields are overlapping up to about half their width, which gives a frontage of only about 1½ feet per man, and the 9th century Oseberg Tapestry too shows a shield-wall of partially overlapping shields.
An extract from p.43, Armies of the Dark Ages 600-1066 by Ian Heath